On 13 March 2023, the Office of the US Trade Representative announced the reallocation of unused quotas under their imported raw sugar tariff-rate quota (TRQ). Australia was allocated an additional 24,479 tonnes (11% of the unused quota balance).
According to a recent Austrade Insight (also available on the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry website), this is in addition to the initial allocation of 89,293 tonnes allocated in July 2022 for FY2023 (1 Oct – 30 Sep).
Due to domestic policy settings, the US government maintains a minimum price for sugar. This generally keeps the US raw sugar price well above the world benchmark. Over the past decade, the average US raw sugar price was over 75% above the world price (refer Figure 1).
While Australia exports a relatively small amount of sugar to the US (less than 2% of all export volumes), it remains a lucrative market due to the significant price premium.
As part of the WTO Uruguay Round agreements, the US is required to import a minimum of 1,117,195 metric tonnes of raw sugar at zero or low-tariff rates annually. The US maintains a TRQ that is allocated to 40 countries based on historical trade shares between 1975–1981.
The Dominican Republic, Brazil and the Philippines are the three largest quota holders, representing over 40% of all raw sugar allocated under the TRQ (Australia is the fourth largest at 8%).
In advance of each fiscal year (1 October), the USDA publishes the annual quota volumes available to quota holders. The United States Trade Representative reallocates unused quota allocations based on discussions with those countries that do not intend to fill their initial quota allocation. These announcements tend to occur between February and June each year.
Over the past few years, Australia has received an initial allocation of 87,402 tonnes under the TRQ. However, for FY2023, Australia received an additional 1,891 tonnes (89,293 tonnes in total). This is because Nicaragua was removed from the WTO TRQ.
According to the Austrade report, Australia consistently fills it’s TRQ allocation in the US due to the significant price premium received above the global average.
Australia exports 3–4 million tonnes of sugar each year, valued at A$1.5 billion to A$2.5 billion (Source: ABARES 2023). In FY2022-23, ABARES expect the value of Australian sugarcane production to rise by 29% to $1.9 billion (Source: ABARES 2023).
Australia is the world’s fourth largest exporter of raw sugar, behind Brazil, Thailand, and India (Source: USDA 2022).
Indonesia, the Republic of Korea and Japan imported 85% of Australia’s raw sugar over the past five years.
Most Australian sugar is produced in Queensland, with a small proportion produced in northern New South Wales. Sugar is Queensland’s second largest agricultural export, with more than 80% of sugar produced for export as bulk raw sugar (Source: ASMC 2022).
The US is a small sugar market for Australia (approximately 2% of exports). However, the average unit export price is around US60 cents/kg, compared to US40 cents/kg in Australia’s Asian markets.
Australia exports around 100,000 tonnes to the US at the basic in-quota tariff rate of roughly US1.5 cents/kg, however, there is limited commercial viability outside of this quota, due to an out-of-quota rate of US33.9 cents/kg.
